Glossary

HR & Global Employment Glossary

Definitions for key terms in global employment, EOR, payroll, compliance, and international HR.

1

13th Month Pay

An additional month's salary paid annually as a mandatory bonus in countries like the Philippines, Brazil, and several Latin American nations.

A

At-Will Employment

An employment arrangement (primarily in the US) where either party can terminate the relationship at any time without cause, subject to certain legal protections.

C

CPF (Central Provident Fund)

Singapore's mandatory savings scheme where employers and employees contribute to retirement, housing, and healthcare funds.

Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA)

A contract negotiated between employers and a labor union covering wages, hours, benefits, and working conditions for a group of employees.

Contractor Agreement

A legal contract between a company and an independent contractor defining the scope of work, payment terms, intellectual property rights, and termination conditions.

D

Double Taxation Agreement (DTA)

A treaty between two countries preventing individuals or companies from being taxed twice on the same income across both jurisdictions.

E

Employer of Record (EOR)

A third-party organization that legally employs workers on behalf of another company, handling payroll, tax compliance, benefits, and HR administration in the worker's country.

G

Global Payroll

The process of paying employees across multiple countries while complying with each country's tax, labor, and reporting requirements.

Gratuity

An end-of-service benefit common in Middle Eastern countries (UAE, Saudi Arabia) paid to employees upon termination, calculated based on tenure and salary.

I

Independent Contractor

A self-employed individual who provides services to a client under a contract, maintaining control over how and when the work is performed.

N

Notice Period

The amount of time an employee or employer must provide before terminating employment. Mandatory notice periods are defined by local labor law.

O

Offboarding

The process of formally ending an employee's tenure with a company, including final pay, benefits termination, equipment return, and knowledge transfer.

Onboarding

The process of integrating a new employee into an organization including paperwork, orientation, training, and compliance verification.

P

Professional Employer Organization (PEO)

A co-employment arrangement where the PEO shares employer responsibilities. Unlike EOR, the client company must have a local legal entity.

Permanent Establishment (PE)

A fixed place of business that gives rise to tax obligations in a foreign country. Hiring through an EOR helps avoid creating a PE.

Probationary Period

An initial employment period during which an employer evaluates a new hire's performance. Duration and rules vary significantly by country.

R

Right to Work

The legal authorization for an individual to be employed in a specific country, typically verified through work permits or visa documentation.

S

Statutory Benefits

Legally mandated employee benefits that vary by country, such as health insurance, pension contributions, paid leave, and social security.

Severance Pay

Compensation provided to employees upon termination of employment, often mandated by law based on length of service and reason for termination.

Social Insurance

Government-mandated insurance programs covering healthcare, pensions, unemployment, and disability, funded through employer and employee contributions.

Saudization (Nitaqat)

Saudi Arabia's quota system requiring private-sector companies to employ a minimum percentage of Saudi nationals.

T

Total Cost of Employment (TCE)

The full cost of employing a worker including base salary, taxes, benefits, insurance, EOR fees, and any other mandatory contributions.

W

Worker Misclassification

Incorrectly categorizing a worker as an independent contractor when they should be classified as an employee, which can result in legal penalties and back taxes.

Work Permit / Employment Pass

Government-issued authorization allowing a foreign national to legally work in a country. Requirements vary by jurisdiction.

Wage Protection System (WPS)

A mandatory electronic salary transfer system used in UAE and other Gulf states to ensure employees are paid on time and in full.

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